Pre-cybernetic machines could be haunted
Donna Haraway, 1985 (Socialist Review (1985); reprinted in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (Routledge, 1991)). Haraway, a historian of science at UC Santa Cruz, describes the second of the boundaries she called leaky, between animal-human and machine, in her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto" in Socialist
A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century
More from Donna Haraway · AI and philosophy · AI and culture · Before ChatGPT
Who else?
What it refers to: The spectre of the ghost in the machine that hung over machines before cybernetics, which were not self-moving, self-designing or autonomous.
Other voices
- “The only thing that really lives is the Machine” E. M. Forster,
- “Men are grown mechanical in head and in heart” Thomas Carlyle,
- “Man has become a kind of prosthetic God” Sigmund Freud,
- “Do you really believe that a machine thinks” Ambrose Bierce,
- “Most people think computers will never be able to think” Marvin Minsky,
- “The most human character turns out to be a machine” Nicholas Carr,










